The BackupTheEFS page has instructions to backup the EFS. This page instead tries to document why it is done in that way, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of various other backups methods.
Old versions of the EFS backup instructions used the following command:
adb shell "cat /dev/block/platform/*/by-name/EFS > /EFS.img"
At some point or under some condition, this stopped working and the backup were corrupted.
adb shell "cat /dev/block/platform/*/by-name/EFS /dev/block/platform/*/by-name/EFS" > /EFS.img" EFS.img adb pull /EFS.img ./
Doing it in two stages like that seem to be widely used in other instructions (like the ones found in XDA forums).
Normally cat should produce a valid backup, however it might be better to use dd for extra safety.
On Replicant 6.0 0004, the recoveries for the following devices have 'dd':The following should also work:
adb pull /dev/block/mmcblk0p3 ./EFS.img
The advantage is that it can also backup huge partitions like the user data partition or Replicant system partition.